• AMP activated protein kinase AMPK is a key cellular

  2024-08-16

  

  AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key cellular energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis at the cellular and whole-organism level (Hardie et al., 2012). Functionally, the AMPK pathway sustains adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production through activation of fatty JP 1302 dihydrochloride o

• br Introduction The structural similarities between puromyci

  2024-08-16

  

  Introduction The structural similarities between puromycin (1, Fig. 1) and the aminoacyl adenyl terminal of aminoacyl–tRNA allow it to terminate the protein synthesis process by causing premature release of a polypeptide from the ribosome [1], [2]. Tremendous progress in the study of puromycin an

• The evidence points toward a role for LO

  2024-08-16

  

  The evidence points toward a role for 12/15-LO activity in WAT in modulating chronic local inflammation and subsequent systemic metabolic decline in the obese state. However, little is known as to the role of 12- and 15-LOs in BAT. Indeed, in addition to WAT, platelet- and leukocyte-type 12-LO are e

• The aldehyde reductase AKR A and aldose reductase

  2024-08-16

  

  The aldehyde reductase (AKR1A1) and aldose reductase (AKR1B1) belong to aldo-ketoreductase (AKR) superfamily catalyzing the reduction of corresponding aldehydes and ketones involved. Both the closely related enzymes AKR1A1 and AKR1B1 have 65% structural similarity and differ only at the active site.

• Introduction Myasthenia gravis MG is an autoimmune disorder

  2024-08-16

  

  Introduction Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness, which is mainly due to autoantibodies reducing the number or function of postsynaptic PD173074 receptors (AChRs) [1], [2]. Animal models have been developed to uncover the immunopathogenesis of MG. Expe

• Several tertiary prevention studies are currently underway e

  2024-08-16

  

  Several tertiary prevention studies are currently underway examining the use of dutasteride for prostate cancer treatment: (1) during expectant management of prostate cancer, (2) after radical prostatectomy in men at high risk for relapse, and (3) in men with metastatic disease. The Reduction by Dut

• The synthesis and secretion of adrenal androgens is apparent

  2024-08-16

  

  The synthesis and secretion of adrenal androgens is apparently unique to humans and nonhuman primates, and requires the expression of key mediators such as CYP17 [26]. Endocrine control of CYP17 expression in rhesus monkeys is comparable to that in humans [27]. An analysis of baboon cDNA for CYP17 s

• br Autophagy and cell death pathways in

  2024-08-15

  

  Autophagy and cell death pathways in ischemic stroke Although very important for the effects on post-ischemic retinoid x receptor injury, autophagy is not the only mechanism of action involved in cell death. Necrosis and apoptosis are two other distinct forms of cell death with great difference

• AP activation is known to upregulate

  2024-08-15

  

  AP-1 activation is known to upregulate downstream target genes including Thiolutin D1, c-myc, Bcl-xl, MMP-9, EGFR, and specific miRNAs that are involved in progression and metastasis of tumors. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinase-2 has been shown as a downstream gene of AP-1, triggered by 15-HETE in

• The presence of crown like structures and inflammatory

  2024-08-15

  

  The presence of crown-like structures and inflammatory factors in the breast of obese patients is associated with considerable changes in intracellular signaling and a profound cellular dysfunction. Secreted pro-inflammatory factors can directly promote breast carcinogenesis as they have been report

• The levels of Mcl and FLIP are homeostatically controlled by

  2024-08-15

  

  The levels of Mcl-1 and FLIP are homeostatically controlled by transcriptional and posttranslational processes. Accumulating evidence suggested that intracellular signaling molecules such as Akt are crucial to the transcription of Mcl-1 and FLIP [30], [31]. The constitutive activation of Akt is dete

• Autocrine regulations of several adipokines e g

  2024-08-15

  

  Autocrine regulations of several adipokines (e.g., leptin and resistin) on adipocytes have been reported (Karastergiou and Mohamed-Ali, 2010, Ye et al., 2010). Several lines of evidence have shown that apelin influences adipocyte functions, such as, lipolysis and glucose uptake (Dray et al., 2008, Y

• br Concluding remarks br Definition

  2024-08-15

  

  Concluding remarks Definition Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by an unconventional agent that is neither bacterial nor viral, but is in essence an infectious misfolded amyloidogenic protein, termed a prion (Prusiner, 1982). Once considered highly controvers

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Alzheimer s disease AD is

  2024-08-15

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the elderly population. Senile plaques in the brain, one of the pathological hallmarks of AD, are formed by the accumulation of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) with an extensive β-sheet s

• Aggregated A species have been studied by an array

  2024-08-15

  

  Aggregated Aβ species have been studied by an array of biophysical techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) [55], transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [56], [57], X-ray diffraction [58], Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) [59], [60], circular dichroism (CD) [61], and nuclear magnetic res

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